“The person involved [participant in the experiment] should… be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“The person involved [participant in the experiment]… should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Preamble

“Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as… political or other opinion.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 2

“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 12

“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought [and] conscience… and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his… belief in teaching, practice… and observance.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 18

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 19

“Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 20 (1)

“Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 27 (1)

“Ethical issues raised by the rapid advances in science and their technological applications should be examined with due respect to the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“On the freedom of science and research, scientific and technological developments… such developments should always seek to promote the welfare of individuals, families… in the recognition of the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Innovation and creativity, is necessary to humankind… but… it may not be invoked at the expense of human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“A person’s identity includes biological, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual dimensions.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“[This declaration aims] to… protect human rights, by ensuring… fundamental freedoms, consistent with international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 2 (c)

“[This declaration aims] to recognize… the need for… research and developments to occur within the framework of ethical principles… and to respect human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 2 (d)

“Human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms are to be fully respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (1)

“The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (2)

“The autonomy of persons to make decisions… is to be respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 5

“The privacy of the persons concerned and the confidentiality of their personal information should be respected… such information should not be used or disclosed for purposes other than those… consented to, consistent with international law, in particular international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 9

“The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 12

“Professionalism, honesty, integrity and transparency in decision-making should be promoted, in particular declarations of all conflicts of interest and appropriate sharing of knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (1)

“Society as a whole should be engaged in dialogue on a regular basis.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (2)

“Informed pluralistic public debate, seeking the expression of all relevant opinions, should be promoted.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (3)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: assess the relevant ethical, legal, scientific and social issues related to research projects involving human beings.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (a)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: foster debate, education and public awareness of, and engagement in, bioethics.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (d)

“Assessment and adequate management of risk related to medicine, life sciences and associated technologies should be promoted.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 20

“States, public and private institutions… should endeavour to ensure that any activity within the scope of this Declaration… is consistent with the principles set out in this Declaration.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 21 (1)

“States should take all appropriate measures, whether of a legislative, administrative or other character, to give effect to the principles set out in this Declaration in accordance with international human rights law… supported by action in the spheres of education, training and public information.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (1)

“States should encourage the establishment of independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (2)

“To achieve a better understanding of the ethical implications of scientific and technological developments, in particular for young people, States should endeavour to foster bioethics education and training at all levels.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (1)

“States should encourage the participation of… regional and national non governmental organizations in this endeavour.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (2)

“States should foster… and encourage the free flow and sharing of scientific and technological knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (1)

“States should respect and promote solidarity between and among… individuals, families, groups and communities.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (3)

“Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any claim to engage in any activity or to perform any act contrary to human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 28

“Every step must be taken in order to make sure that those who submit themselves to experimentation be fully informed.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 3