“The person involved [participant in the experiment] should… be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Preamble

“If man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Preamble

“Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 3

“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought [and] conscience… and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his… belief in teaching, practice… and observance.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 18

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 19

“Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 20 (1)

“The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 21 (3)

“Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 26 (2)

“Ethical issues raised by the rapid advances in science and their technological applications should be examined with due respect to the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“On the freedom of science and research, scientific and technological developments… such developments should always seek to promote the welfare of individuals, families… in the recognition of the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Innovation and creativity, is necessary to humankind… but… it may not be invoked at the expense of human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“[This declaration aims] to recognize… the need for… research and developments to occur within the framework of ethical principles… and to respect human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 2 (d)

“Human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms are to be fully respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (1)

“The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (2)

“The autonomy of persons to make decisions… is to be respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 5

“Any preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic medical intervention… may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without disadvantage or prejudice.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (1)

“Scientific research… should include modalities for withdrawal of consent. Consent may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without any disadvantage or prejudice. Exceptions to this principle should be made only in accordance with ethical and legal standards… and international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (2)

“In no case should a collective community agreement or the consent of a community leader or other authority substitute for an individual’s informed consent.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (3)

“The fundamental equality of all human beings in dignity and rights is to be respected so that they are treated justly and equitably.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 10

“No individual or group should be discriminated against or stigmatized on any grounds, in violation of human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 11

“The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 12

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: assess the relevant ethical, legal, scientific and social issues related to research projects involving human beings.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (a)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: foster debate, education and public awareness of, and engagement in, bioethics.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (d)

“States, public and private institutions… should endeavour to ensure that any activity within the scope of this Declaration… is consistent with the principles set out in this Declaration.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 21 (1)

“States should take all appropriate measures, whether of a legislative, administrative or other character, to give effect to the principles set out in this Declaration in accordance with international human rights law… supported by action in the spheres of education, training and public information.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (1)

“States should encourage the establishment of independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (2)

“To achieve a better understanding of the ethical implications of scientific and technological developments, in particular for young people, States should endeavour to foster bioethics education and training at all levels.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (1)

“States should encourage the participation of… regional and national non governmental organizations in this endeavour.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (2)

“States should foster… and encourage the free flow and sharing of scientific and technological knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (1)

“States should respect and promote solidarity between and among… individuals, families, groups and communities.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (3)

“Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any claim to engage in any activity or to perform any act contrary to human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 28