“The person involved [participant in the experiment] should… be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 27 (1)

“Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 21 (2)

“Ethical issues raised by the rapid advances in science and their technological applications should be examined with due respect to the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“On the freedom of science and research, scientific and technological developments… such developments should always seek to promote the welfare of individuals, families… in the recognition of the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Health does not depend solely on scientific and technological research developments but also on psychosocial and cultural factors.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Decisions regarding ethical issues in medicine, life sciences and associated technologies may have an impact on individuals, families, groups or communities and humankind as a whole.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Innovation and creativity, is necessary to humankind… but… it may not be invoked at the expense of human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Unethical scientific and technological conduct has had a particular impact on indigenous and local communities.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“All human beings, without distinction, should benefit from the same high ethical standards in medicine and life science research.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“[This declaration aims] to… protect human rights, by ensuring… fundamental freedoms, consistent with international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 2 (c)

“[This declaration aims] to recognize… the need for… research and developments to occur within the framework of ethical principles… and to respect human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 2 (d)

“Human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms are to be fully respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (1)

“The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (2)

“In applying and advancing scientific knowledge, medical practice and associated technologies, direct and indirect benefits to patients, research participants and other affected individuals should be maximized and any possible harm to such individuals should be minimized.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 4

“Any preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic medical intervention… may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without disadvantage or prejudice.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (1)

“Scientific research… should include modalities for withdrawal of consent. Consent may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without any disadvantage or prejudice. Exceptions to this principle should be made only in accordance with ethical and legal standards… and international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (2)

“The privacy of the persons concerned and the confidentiality of their personal information should be respected… such information should not be used or disclosed for purposes other than those… consented to, consistent with international law, in particular international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 9

“The fundamental equality of all human beings in dignity and rights is to be respected so that they are treated justly and equitably.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 10

“No individual or group should be discriminated against or stigmatized on any grounds, in violation of human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 11

“The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 12

“Progress in science and technology should advance… elimination of the marginalization and the exclusion of persons on the basis of any grounds.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 14 (2d)

“Benefits should not constitute improper inducements to participate in research.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 15 (2)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: assess the relevant ethical, legal, scientific and social issues related to research projects involving human beings.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (a)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: foster debate, education and public awareness of, and engagement in, bioethics.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (d)

“States, public and private institutions… should endeavour to ensure that any activity within the scope of this Declaration… is consistent with the principles set out in this Declaration.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 21 (1)

“States should take all appropriate measures, whether of a legislative, administrative or other character, to give effect to the principles set out in this Declaration in accordance with international human rights law… supported by action in the spheres of education, training and public information.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (1)

“States should encourage the establishment of independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (2)

“To achieve a better understanding of the ethical implications of scientific and technological developments, in particular for young people, States should endeavour to foster bioethics education and training at all levels.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (1)

“States should encourage the participation of… regional and national non governmental organizations in this endeavour.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (2)

“States should foster… and encourage the free flow and sharing of scientific and technological knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (1)

“States should respect and promote solidarity between and among… individuals, families, groups and communities.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (3)

“Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any claim to engage in any activity or to perform any act contrary to human rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 28