“No individual or group should be discriminated against or stigmatized on any grounds, in violation of human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration
on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 11

“The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 2

“Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 27 (1)

“Health does not depend solely on scientific and technological research developments but also on psychosocial and cultural factors.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Preamble

“Everyone has the right to freedom of thought [and] conscience… and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his… belief in teaching, practice… and observance.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 18

“Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 13 (1)

“Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 13 (2)

“Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 20 (1)

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 19

“The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs, or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to another with impunity.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“If man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Preamble

“Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as… political or other opinion.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 2

“All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 7

“The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (2)

“Any preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic medical intervention… may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without disadvantage or prejudice.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (1)

“No individual or group should be discriminated against or stigmatized on any grounds, in violation of human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 11

“Before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him… all inconveniences and hazards reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if he has probable cause to believe… that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 10

“The impact of life sciences on future generations, including on their genetic constitution, should be given due regard.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 16

“Informed pluralistic public debate, seeking the expression of all relevant opinions, should be promoted.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (3)

“When research is undertaken or otherwise pursued… such research should be the object of an appropriate level of ethical review… based on ethical and legal standards that are consistent with the principles set out in this Declaration.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 21 (2)

“It should be required that each person who submits to experimentation be informed of the… risk of the proposed experiment.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 5

“No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 12

“Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 26 (3)

“The privacy of the persons concerned and the confidentiality of their personal information should be respected… such information should not be used or disclosed for purposes other than those… consented to, consistent with international law, in particular international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 9

“The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 8

“In applying and advancing scientific knowledge, medical practice and associated technologies, direct and indirect benefits to patients, research participants and other affected individuals should be maximized and any possible harm to such individuals should be minimized.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 4

“Scientific research should only be carried out with the prior, free, express and informed consent of the person concerned.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (2)

“Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 3

“A person’s identity includes biological, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual dimensions.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“The interests and welfare of the individual should have priority over the sole interest of science or society.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 3 (2)

“The autonomy of persons to make decisions… is to be respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 5

“There must be strict adherence to the general rules of respect of the individual.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 1

“The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 16 (3)

“Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.”

UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Article 26 (3)

“On the freedom of science and research, scientific and technological developments… such developments should always seek to promote the welfare of individuals, families… in the recognition of the dignity of the human person and universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Decisions regarding ethical issues in medicine, life sciences and associated technologies may have an impact on individuals, families, groups or communities and humankind as a whole.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Preamble

“Special protection is to be given to persons who do not have the capacity to consent: research should only be carried out for his or her direct health benefit… exposing the person only to a minimal risk and minimal burden… compatible with the protection of the individual’s human rights. Refusal of such persons to take part in research should be respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 7 (b)

“The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“The person involved [participant in the experiment] should… be able to exercise free power of choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress, overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“The person involved [participant in the experiment]… should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened decision.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 1

“Scientific research should only be carried out with the prior, free, express and informed consent of the person concerned.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (2)

“Scientific research… should include modalities for withdrawal of consent. Consent may be withdrawn by the person concerned at any time and for any reason without any disadvantage or prejudice. Exceptions to this principle should be made only in accordance with ethical and legal standards… and international human rights law.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (2)

“In no case should a collective community agreement or the consent of a community leader or other authority substitute for an individual’s informed consent.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 6 (3)

“Benefits should not constitute improper inducements to participate in research.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 15 (2)

“It should be required that each person who submits to experimentation be informed [and] consent should be obtained in writing.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 5