“The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study, and not random and unnecessary in nature.”

The Nuremberg Code (1947) Article 2

“In applying and advancing scientific knowledge, medical practice and associated technologies, direct and indirect benefits to patients, research participants and other affected individuals should be maximized and any possible harm to such individuals should be minimized.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 4

“The autonomy of persons to make decisions… is to be respected.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 5

“The impact of life sciences on future generations, including on their genetic constitution, should be given due regard.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 16

“Professionalism, honesty, integrity and transparency in decision-making should be promoted, in particular declarations of all conflicts of interest and appropriate sharing of knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (1)

“Every endeavour should be made… in addressing and periodically reviewing bioethical issues.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (1)

“Society as a whole should be engaged in dialogue on a regular basis.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (2)

“Informed pluralistic public debate, seeking the expression of all relevant opinions, should be promoted.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 18 (3)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: assess the relevant ethical, legal, scientific and social issues related to research projects involving human beings.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (a)

“Independent, multidisciplinary and pluralist ethics committees should be established… in order to: foster debate, education and public awareness of, and engagement in, bioethics.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 19 (d)

“Assessment and adequate management of risk related to medicine, life sciences and associated technologies should be promoted.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 20

“When research is undertaken or otherwise pursued… such research should be the object of an appropriate level of ethical review… based on ethical and legal standards that are consistent with the principles set out in this Declaration.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 21 (2)

“States should take all appropriate measures, whether of a legislative, administrative or other character, to give effect to the principles set out in this Declaration in accordance with international human rights law… supported by action in the spheres of education, training and public information.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 22 (1)

“To achieve a better understanding of the ethical implications of scientific and technological developments, in particular for young people, States should endeavour to foster bioethics education and training at all levels.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (1)

“States should encourage the participation of… regional and national non governmental organizations in this endeavour.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 23 (2)

“States should foster… and encourage the free flow and sharing of scientific and technological knowledge.”

UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics & Human Rights (2005) Article 24 (1)

“The World Medical Association draws attention to the detrimental effects of premature or unjustified statements.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 2

“In the presence of individual and desperate cases one may attempt… a treatment of a rather daring nature. Such exceptions will be rare and require the approval either of the person or his next of kin… it is the doctor’s conscience which will make the decision.”

Principles for Those in Research & Experimentation (1954) Article 4